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the working · sources and method

The science, for the curious.

Dear Hume is meant to be fun, and it's built on real research. Here's what the questions measure, where they come from and how your Portrait is put together.

What we measure

whathowsource and licence
Personality: the Big Five and their 30 facets60 questions, two per facetIPIP-NEO-60 (Maples-Keller et al., 2019), built from the International Personality Item Pool (Goldberg et al., 2006). Public domain.
Career interests32 questions, read as the six Holland themesOregon Vocational Interest Scales, ORVIS (Pozzebon et al., 2010), also IPIP. Public domain. Themes from Holland (1997).
Values20 questionsOur own questions, based on Schwartz's theory of ten basic values (Schwartz, 1992). Shown as a ranking: what matters most to you.
Who you want to beThe Big Five, rated as "I want to be…", on door 1 and door 24Our wording.
Your daily weatherMood and energy, one tap each, optionalOur questions. Used to see which answers move with the day.

Why 24 days, not one sitting

A one-sitting quiz catches you on one day. But people vary from day to day around a fairly stable centre (Fleeson, 2001). So we spread the questions across December, and about 24 of them come back, worded the same way, roughly a week later. Comparing the two answers shows what is steady in you and what moves with the day.

The repeats are spaced differently for each person, and we don't mark them. Answer how you feel today; there's no "right" answer to match.

How your results are made

Scores

Your answers are scored in code, the standard way for each scale, and the Big Five are compared with published norms for these items. In the Portrait we say it in words: very high (higher than 9 in 10 people), high, in the middle, low, very low. The exact numbers are on the last page.

Ink and pencil

For each trait we compare your repeated answers and how much your answers spread across the days. Little change means ink (steady). More change means pencil (shifts with the day). A link with mood or energy is mentioned only when it is clear, and always as a pattern, never a verdict.

The four-letter type

We don't use a type questionnaire. Your four letters are worked out from the Big Five, which research shows line up with the four type scales (McCrae & Costa, 1989): extraversion gives E or I, openness N or S, agreeableness F or T, and conscientiousness J or P. When a trait sits near the middle, that letter is shown in pencil: it can flip with the day.

Who you want to be

We compare where you are with where you want to be. Research on deliberate personality change suggests that people can move a trait a little over months when they act on it in specific ways, week after week (Hudson & Fraley, 2015; Hudson et al., 2019). The 2027 plan is built around that.

The writing

The words in your Portrait are drafted by an AI model from your scores and your own notes, under fixed rules. The numbers come straight from the scoring, never from the AI.

Good to know

These are self-reports: they show how you see yourself, which isn't the whole of you. Percentiles compare you with the people in published research samples, not with everyone. Short scales are less precise than long ones, which is part of why we show ranges and repeat questions. And the work suggestions point to kinds of work worth exploring; they aren't a verdict on what you can or can't do.

Sources

  1. Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 1011–1027.
  2. Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Gough, H. G. (2006). The International Personality Item Pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(1), 84–96. Item pool: ipip.ori.org
  3. Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources.
  4. Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Volitional personality trait change: Can people choose to change their personality traits? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), 490–507.
  5. Hudson, N. W., Briley, D. A., Chopik, W. J., & Derringer, J. (2019). You have to follow through: Attaining behavioral change goals predicts volitional personality change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(4), 839–857.
  6. Maples-Keller, J. L., Williamson, R. L., Sleep, C. E., Carter, N. T., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2019). Using item response theory to develop a 60-item representation of the NEO PI-R using the International Personality Item Pool: Development of the IPIP-NEO-60. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(1), 4–15.
  7. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 57(1), 17–40.
  8. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174.
  9. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65.

Dear Hume isn't affiliated with or endorsed by any of these authors or with the owners of any personality test named above. Questions or corrections: [email protected].